Keyword: frontpage

Putting Data Protection by Design on the Blockchain external link

Giannopoulou, A.
European Data Protection Law Review, vol. 7, num: 3, pp: 388-399, 2021

Abstract

The principle of data protection by design, as it is enshrined in article 25 of the GDPR, is difficult to apply in blockchains. This article will assess how the reliance on asymmetric encryption and other privacy enhancing technological architectures -necessary in a blockchain-based system- approach both user control and data protection by design compliance from the single scope of anonymization and unlinkability. Data subjects’ rights, accountability, and the potential shortcomings of applied technological constraints are thus sidelined. Ultimately, this limited understanding of technological privacy, acts as a misguiding set of principles for technological co-regulation through standardisation in blockchains. The standardization of these choices without a holistic analysis of data protection by design imperatives could ultimately weaken the position of data subjects, whose trust in the technological protections of personal data might prove to be relatively misplaced.

anonymity, blockchain, Data Protection by Design, encryption, EU General Data Protection Regulation, frontpage, Privacy

Bibtex

Article{Giannopoulou2021, title = {Putting Data Protection by Design on the Blockchain}, author = {Giannopoulou, A.}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.21552/edpl/2021/3/7}, year = {1022}, date = {2021-10-22}, journal = {European Data Protection Law Review}, volume = {7}, number = {3}, pages = {388-399}, abstract = {The principle of data protection by design, as it is enshrined in article 25 of the GDPR, is difficult to apply in blockchains. This article will assess how the reliance on asymmetric encryption and other privacy enhancing technological architectures -necessary in a blockchain-based system- approach both user control and data protection by design compliance from the single scope of anonymization and unlinkability. Data subjects’ rights, accountability, and the potential shortcomings of applied technological constraints are thus sidelined. Ultimately, this limited understanding of technological privacy, acts as a misguiding set of principles for technological co-regulation through standardisation in blockchains. The standardization of these choices without a holistic analysis of data protection by design imperatives could ultimately weaken the position of data subjects, whose trust in the technological protections of personal data might prove to be relatively misplaced.}, keywords = {anonymity, blockchain, Data Protection by Design, encryption, EU General Data Protection Regulation, frontpage, Privacy}, }

Editorial independence in an automated media system external link

Drunen, M. van
Internet Policy Review, vol. 10, num: 3, 2021

Abstract

The media has increasingly grown to rely on automated decision-making to produce and distribute news. This trend challenges our understanding of editorial independence by transforming the role of human editorial judgment and creating new dependencies on external software and data providers, engineers, and platforms. Recent policy initiatives such as the EU’s Media Action Plan and Digital Services Act are now beginning to revisit the way law can enable the media to act independently in the context of new technological tools and actors. Fully understanding and addressing the challenges automation poses to editorial independence, however, first requires better normative insight into the functions editorial independence performs in European media policy. This article provides a normative framework of editorial independence’s functions in European media policy and uses it to explore the new challenges posed by the automation of editorial decision-making.

automated decision making, frontpage, Mediarecht, onafhankelijkheid

Bibtex

Article{nokey, title = {Editorial independence in an automated media system}, author = {Drunen, M. van}, url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/editorial-independence-automated-media-system}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.3.1569}, year = {0913}, date = {2021-09-13}, journal = {Internet Policy Review}, volume = {10}, number = {3}, pages = {}, abstract = {The media has increasingly grown to rely on automated decision-making to produce and distribute news. This trend challenges our understanding of editorial independence by transforming the role of human editorial judgment and creating new dependencies on external software and data providers, engineers, and platforms. Recent policy initiatives such as the EU’s Media Action Plan and Digital Services Act are now beginning to revisit the way law can enable the media to act independently in the context of new technological tools and actors. Fully understanding and addressing the challenges automation poses to editorial independence, however, first requires better normative insight into the functions editorial independence performs in European media policy. This article provides a normative framework of editorial independence’s functions in European media policy and uses it to explore the new challenges posed by the automation of editorial decision-making.}, keywords = {automated decision making, frontpage, Mediarecht, onafhankelijkheid}, }

EU copyright law round up – third trimester of 2021 external link

Trapova, A. & Quintais, J.
Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2021

Auteursrecht, frontpage

Bibtex

Online publication{Trapova2021c, title = {EU copyright law round up – third trimester of 2021}, author = {Trapova, A. and Quintais, J.}, url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/10/07/eu-copyright-law-round-up-third-trimester-of-2021/}, year = {1007}, date = {2021-10-07}, journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog}, keywords = {Auteursrecht, frontpage}, }

Copyright and Artificial Creation: Does EU Copyright Law Protect AI-Assisted Output? external link

Hugenholtz, P. & Quintais, J.
IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law , vol. 52, num: 9, pp: 1190-1216, 2021

Abstract

This article queries whether and to what extent works produced with the aid of AI systems – AI-assisted output – are protected under EU copyright standards. We carry out a doctrinal legal analysis to scrutinise the concepts of “work”, “originality” and “creative freedom”, as well as the notion of authorship, as set forth in the EU copyright acquis and developed in the case-law of the Court of Justice. On this basis, we develop a four-step test to assess whether AI-assisted output qualifies as an original work of authorship under EU law, and how the existing rules on authorship may apply. Our conclusion is that current EU copyright rules are generally suitable and sufficiently flexible to deal with the challenges posed by AI-assisted output.

Artificial intelligence, Auteursrecht, frontpage

Bibtex

Article{Hugenholtz2021d, title = {Copyright and Artificial Creation: Does EU Copyright Law Protect AI-Assisted Output?}, author = {Hugenholtz, P. and Quintais, J.}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-021-01115-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-021-01115-0}, year = {1007}, date = {2021-10-07}, journal = {IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law }, volume = {52}, number = {9}, pages = {1190-1216}, abstract = {This article queries whether and to what extent works produced with the aid of AI systems – AI-assisted output – are protected under EU copyright standards. We carry out a doctrinal legal analysis to scrutinise the concepts of “work”, “originality” and “creative freedom”, as well as the notion of authorship, as set forth in the EU copyright acquis and developed in the case-law of the Court of Justice. On this basis, we develop a four-step test to assess whether AI-assisted output qualifies as an original work of authorship under EU law, and how the existing rules on authorship may apply. Our conclusion is that current EU copyright rules are generally suitable and sufficiently flexible to deal with the challenges posed by AI-assisted output.}, keywords = {Artificial intelligence, Auteursrecht, frontpage}, }

The Siren Song of the Subtle Copycat – Revisiting Trademark Law with Insights from Consumer Research external link

Senftleben, M. & Horen, F. van
The Trademark Reporter, vol. 111, num: 4, pp: 739-777, 2021

Abstract

The architecture of trademark protection systems rests on the assumption that brand imitation strategies are particularly harmful when they seek to achieve a high level of similarity by copying specific trademarked features of the original brand. Marketing research, however, shows that this assumption is doubtful. Subtle, theme-based imitation strategies – aiming at a modest degree of similarity – may allow copycats to garner greater profits and manipulate consumers’ purchasing decisions. Like an enchanting siren song, they may lure customers away from the original products of brand owners. Against this background, the paper discusses the question whether trademark law should be recalibrated. To lay groundwork for this discussion, the analysis outlines central functions of trademarks in today’s market economy before describing, on the basis of EU trademark law, the traditional approach to copycat strategies from a marketing and legal perspective. Introducing insights from recent marketing research, the paper explains why subtle, theme-based strategies may be more harmful than blatant, feature-based copying. The further examination places this insight in a legal context. Contrasting the empirical findings of marketing research with traditional assessment schemes in EU trademark law, it becomes apparent that there is a remarkable mismatch between legal theory and market reality. Current trademark provisions are not aligned with “real life” consumer perception. As a result, copycats with a subtle imitation strategy remain under the radar of applicable infringement tests. This dilemma is taken as a starting point to discuss the need for reforms in trademark law.

Advertising, blurring, conceptual marks, confusion, consumer perception, copycat brands, dilution, empirical legal studies, freedom of competition, frontpage, marketing research, Merkenrecht, new types of marks, similarity, tarnishment, trademark infringement, type of imitation, Unfair competition, unfair free-riding

Bibtex

Article{Senftleben2021b, title = {The Siren Song of the Subtle Copycat – Revisiting Trademark Law with Insights from Consumer Research}, author = {Senftleben, M. and Horen, F. van}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3922568 https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/TheTrademarkReporter_2021_4.pdf}, year = {1001}, date = {2021-10-01}, journal = {The Trademark Reporter}, volume = {111}, number = {4}, pages = {739-777}, abstract = {The architecture of trademark protection systems rests on the assumption that brand imitation strategies are particularly harmful when they seek to achieve a high level of similarity by copying specific trademarked features of the original brand. Marketing research, however, shows that this assumption is doubtful. Subtle, theme-based imitation strategies – aiming at a modest degree of similarity – may allow copycats to garner greater profits and manipulate consumers’ purchasing decisions. Like an enchanting siren song, they may lure customers away from the original products of brand owners. Against this background, the paper discusses the question whether trademark law should be recalibrated. To lay groundwork for this discussion, the analysis outlines central functions of trademarks in today’s market economy before describing, on the basis of EU trademark law, the traditional approach to copycat strategies from a marketing and legal perspective. Introducing insights from recent marketing research, the paper explains why subtle, theme-based strategies may be more harmful than blatant, feature-based copying. The further examination places this insight in a legal context. Contrasting the empirical findings of marketing research with traditional assessment schemes in EU trademark law, it becomes apparent that there is a remarkable mismatch between legal theory and market reality. Current trademark provisions are not aligned with “real life” consumer perception. As a result, copycats with a subtle imitation strategy remain under the radar of applicable infringement tests. This dilemma is taken as a starting point to discuss the need for reforms in trademark law.}, keywords = {Advertising, blurring, conceptual marks, confusion, consumer perception, copycat brands, dilution, empirical legal studies, freedom of competition, frontpage, marketing research, Merkenrecht, new types of marks, similarity, tarnishment, trademark infringement, type of imitation, Unfair competition, unfair free-riding}, }

A Proposal to leverage Article 17 to build a public repository of Public Domain and openly licensed works external link

Reda, J. & Keller, P.
Kluwer Copyright Blog, 2021

Art. 17, Auteursrecht, Copyright, frontpage, public domain

Bibtex

Article{Reda2021bb, title = {A Proposal to leverage Article 17 to build a public repository of Public Domain and openly licensed works}, author = {Reda, J. and Keller, P.}, url = {http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2021/09/23/a-proposal-to-leverage-article-17-to-build-a-public-repository-of-public-domain-and-openly-licensed-works/}, year = {0923}, date = {2021-09-23}, journal = {Kluwer Copyright Blog}, keywords = {Art. 17, Auteursrecht, Copyright, frontpage, public domain}, }

De reikwijdte van artikel 17 DSM-richtlijn in het licht van het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen: een Odyssee external link

Angelopoulos, C., Senftleben, M. & Thije, P. ten
Auteursrecht, num: 3, pp: 120-142, 2021

Abstract

Met de Richtlijn auteursrechten en naburige rechten in de digitale eengemaakte markt (‘DSM-RL’) zijn nieuwe wettelijke verplichtingen op het terrein van het filteren van online content ontstaan. Aanbieders van onlinediensten voor het delen van content (‘OCSSPs’) dienen – op basis van door rechthebbenden verstrekte informatie – ervoor te zorgen dat beschermd materiaal niet beschikbaar is op hun platforms. Tegelijkertijd bevestigt artikel 17 lid 8 DSM-RL dat de nieuwe auteursrechtelijke regels niet tot een algemene toezichtverplichting moeten leiden. Ondanks de nieuwe filterverplichtingen heeft de Uniewetgever het traditionele verbod op een algemene toezichtverplichting – dat al 20 jaar deel uitmaakt van de regeling van aansprakelijkheidsprivileges in de Richtlijn inzake elektronische handel (‘REH’) – uitdrukkelijk overeind gehouden. Ook het voorstel van de Europese Commissie voor een Digital Services Act (‘DSA’) houdt het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen in stand. Tegen deze achtergrond rijst de vraag hoe de nieuwe auteursrechtelijke filterverplichtingen moeten worden uitgelegd om een verboden algemene toezichtverplichting te voorkomen. De volgende analyse geeft antwoord op deze vraag op basis van een nadere bespreking van het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen in de REH, de DSM-RL en het DSA-voorstel. Naast relevante rechtspraak van het HvJ EU komt het nauwe verband tussen het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen en fundamentele rechten aan de orde.

Auteursrecht, DSM-richtlijn, filteren, frontpage, onlinediensten

Bibtex

Article{Angelopoulos2021, title = {De reikwijdte van artikel 17 DSM-richtlijn in het licht van het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen: een Odyssee}, author = {Angelopoulos, C. and Senftleben, M. and Thije, P. ten}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Auteursrecht_2021_3.pdf}, year = {0921}, date = {2021-09-21}, journal = {Auteursrecht}, number = {3}, abstract = {Met de Richtlijn auteursrechten en naburige rechten in de digitale eengemaakte markt (‘DSM-RL’) zijn nieuwe wettelijke verplichtingen op het terrein van het filteren van online content ontstaan. Aanbieders van onlinediensten voor het delen van content (‘OCSSPs’) dienen – op basis van door rechthebbenden verstrekte informatie – ervoor te zorgen dat beschermd materiaal niet beschikbaar is op hun platforms. Tegelijkertijd bevestigt artikel 17 lid 8 DSM-RL dat de nieuwe auteursrechtelijke regels niet tot een algemene toezichtverplichting moeten leiden. Ondanks de nieuwe filterverplichtingen heeft de Uniewetgever het traditionele verbod op een algemene toezichtverplichting – dat al 20 jaar deel uitmaakt van de regeling van aansprakelijkheidsprivileges in de Richtlijn inzake elektronische handel (‘REH’) – uitdrukkelijk overeind gehouden. Ook het voorstel van de Europese Commissie voor een Digital Services Act (‘DSA’) houdt het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen in stand. Tegen deze achtergrond rijst de vraag hoe de nieuwe auteursrechtelijke filterverplichtingen moeten worden uitgelegd om een verboden algemene toezichtverplichting te voorkomen. De volgende analyse geeft antwoord op deze vraag op basis van een nadere bespreking van het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen in de REH, de DSM-RL en het DSA-voorstel. Naast relevante rechtspraak van het HvJ EU komt het nauwe verband tussen het verbod op algemene toezichtverplichtingen en fundamentele rechten aan de orde.}, keywords = {Auteursrecht, DSM-richtlijn, filteren, frontpage, onlinediensten}, }

Conditions for technological solutions in a COVID-19 exit strategy, with particular focus on the legal and societal conditions external link

Helberger, N., Eskens, S., Strycharz, J., Bouchè, G., van Hoboken, J., Mil, J. van & Toh, J.
2021

Abstract

Which legal, ethical and societal conditions need to be fulfilled for the use of digital solutions in managing the COVID-19 exit-strategy? This was the central question of this research. Digital technologies can be part of solutions to societal challenges, for example to manage the pandemic and lead the Netherlands out of the COVID-19 crisis. One set of technologies that figured particularly prominently in that debate was the use of contact tracing apps like the CoronaMelder, as well as digital vaccination passports (CoronaCheck app). In the Netherlands, Europe and worldwide, the introduction of apps such as the CoronaMelder or the CoronaCheck app was met by criticism from experts, politicians, civil society and academics. Concerns range from the lack of evidence for the effectiveness of such apps, uncertainty about the conditions that need to be fulfilled to reach their goal, our growing dependency on technology companies up to worries about the fundamental rights and adverse effects for vulnerable groups, such as elderly or users without a smart phone. The overall goal of the research was to monitor the societal, ethical and legal implications of implementing apps like the CoronaMelder, and from that draw lessons for the future use of ‘technology-assisted governance solutions’. One important conclusion from the report is that ‘there are no easy technological fixes, and in order for a technological solution to work, it needs to be part of a broader vision on what such a solution needs to function in society, achieve its intended goals and respect the fundamental rights of users as well as non-users.’ The report also offers critical reflections on the need for democratic legitimisation and accountability, the role of big tech and insights on the societal impact of the CoronaMelder and other technological solutions.

covid-19, frontpage, Informatierecht

Bibtex

Article{Helberger2021bb, title = {Conditions for technological solutions in a COVID-19 exit strategy, with particular focus on the legal and societal conditions}, author = {Helberger, N. and Eskens, S. and Strycharz, J. and Bouchè, G. and van Hoboken, J. and Mil, J. van and Toh, J.}, url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/covid-report-1.pdf}, year = {0913}, date = {2021-09-13}, abstract = {Which legal, ethical and societal conditions need to be fulfilled for the use of digital solutions in managing the COVID-19 exit-strategy? This was the central question of this research. Digital technologies can be part of solutions to societal challenges, for example to manage the pandemic and lead the Netherlands out of the COVID-19 crisis. One set of technologies that figured particularly prominently in that debate was the use of contact tracing apps like the CoronaMelder, as well as digital vaccination passports (CoronaCheck app). In the Netherlands, Europe and worldwide, the introduction of apps such as the CoronaMelder or the CoronaCheck app was met by criticism from experts, politicians, civil society and academics. Concerns range from the lack of evidence for the effectiveness of such apps, uncertainty about the conditions that need to be fulfilled to reach their goal, our growing dependency on technology companies up to worries about the fundamental rights and adverse effects for vulnerable groups, such as elderly or users without a smart phone. The overall goal of the research was to monitor the societal, ethical and legal implications of implementing apps like the CoronaMelder, and from that draw lessons for the future use of ‘technology-assisted governance solutions’. One important conclusion from the report is that ‘there are no easy technological fixes, and in order for a technological solution to work, it needs to be part of a broader vision on what such a solution needs to function in society, achieve its intended goals and respect the fundamental rights of users as well as non-users.’ The report also offers critical reflections on the need for democratic legitimisation and accountability, the role of big tech and insights on the societal impact of the CoronaMelder and other technological solutions.}, keywords = {covid-19, frontpage, Informatierecht}, }

Opinie: Wie naar Dokter Quin gaat, betaalt de rekening voor technologie-kwakzalverij external link

Sax, M.
De Volkskrant, 2021

e-health, frontpage, Technologie en recht

Bibtex

Newspaper article{Sax2021bb, title = {Opinie: Wie naar Dokter Quin gaat, betaalt de rekening voor technologie-kwakzalverij}, author = {Sax, M.}, url = {https://www.volkskrant.nl/columns-opinie/opinie-wie-naar-dokter-quin-gaat-betaalt-de-rekening-voor-technologie-kwakzalverij~b58b6f64/}, year = {0720}, date = {2021-07-20}, journal = {De Volkskrant}, keywords = {e-health, frontpage, Technologie en recht}, }

Using Terms and Conditions to apply Fundamental Rights to Content Moderation: Is Article 12 DSA a Paper Tiger? external link

Appelman, N., Quintais, J. & Fahy, R.
2021

Digital services act, DSA, frontpage, Fundamental rights, Online platforms, terms and conditions

Bibtex

Online publication{Appelman2021, title = {Using Terms and Conditions to apply Fundamental Rights to Content Moderation: Is Article 12 DSA a Paper Tiger?}, author = {Appelman, N. and Quintais, J. and Fahy, R.}, url = {https://verfassungsblog.de/power-dsa-dma-06/}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.17176/20210901-233103-0.}, year = {0901}, date = {2021-09-01}, keywords = {Digital services act, DSA, frontpage, Fundamental rights, Online platforms, terms and conditions}, }