Privacy - Page 5 of 33

Privacy and Data Protection in the EU- and US-led Post- WTO Free Trade Agreements external link

1008, Series: European Yearbook of International Economic Law, pp: 95-115

Abstract

The chapter addresses privacy and data protection in FTAs. It takes stock of the evolution of provisions on privacy and data protection in the post-WTO FTAs and FTAs currently under negotiation relying on EU- and US-led FTAs as an empirical basis. The chapter evaluates the trends and patterns of the development of these provisions and provides an outlook for the upcoming negotiations on electronic commerce at the WTO. It highlights the evolution of provisions on privacy and personal data protection in general exceptions, financial and telecommunications chapters, chapters on electronic commerce and digital trade. After identifying trends in the design and wording of these provisions in the EU- and US-led FTAs the chapter concludes that both trading partners tend to prefer their own template for regional FTAs.

Bibtex

Chapter{Yakovleva2020e,
	title = {Privacy and Data Protection in the EU- and US-led Post- WTO Free Trade Agreements},
	author = {Yakovleva, S.},
	url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Yearbook_International_Economic_Law.pdf},
	doi = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46955-9_5},
	year = {1008},
	date = {2020-10-08},
	abstract = {The chapter addresses privacy and data protection in FTAs. It takes stock of the evolution of provisions on privacy and data protection in the post-WTO FTAs and FTAs currently under negotiation relying on EU- and US-led FTAs as an empirical basis. The chapter evaluates the trends and patterns of the development of these provisions and provides an outlook for the upcoming negotiations on electronic commerce at the WTO. It highlights the evolution of provisions on privacy and personal data protection in general exceptions, financial and telecommunications chapters, chapters on electronic commerce and digital trade. After identifying trends in the design and wording of these provisions in the EU- and US-led FTAs the chapter concludes that both trading partners tend to prefer their own template for regional FTAs.},
	keywords = {EU, frontpage, gegevensbescherming, Privacy, usa, WTO},
}

Personal Data Transfers in International Trade and EU Law: A Tale of Two ‘Necessities’ external link

Yakovleva, S.

The Journal of World Investment & Trade, pp: 1-39, 2020

Abstract

Cross-border flows of personal data have become essential for international trade. EU law restricts transfers of personal data to a degree that is arguably beyond what is permitted under the EU’s WTO commitments. These restrictions may be justified under trade law’s ‘necessity test.’ The article suggests that they may not pass this test. Yet, from an EU law perspective, the right to the protection of personal data is a fundamental right. An international transfer of personal data constitutes a derogation from this right and, therefore, must be consistent with another necessity test, the ‘strict necessity’ test of the derogation clause of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. This article shows how a simultaneous application of the trade law and EU Charter ‘necessities’ to EU restrictions on transfers of personal data creates a Catch-22 situation and sketches the ways out of this compliance deadlock.

Bibtex

Article{Yakovleva2020d,
	title = {Personal Data Transfers in International Trade and EU Law: A Tale of Two ‘Necessities’},
	author = {Yakovleva, S.},
	url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/JWIT_2020.pdf},
	year = {1002},
	date = {2020-10-02},
	journal = {The Journal of World Investment & Trade},
	abstract = {Cross-border flows of personal data have become essential for international trade. EU law restricts transfers of personal data to a degree that is arguably beyond what is permitted under the EU’s WTO commitments. These restrictions may be justified under trade law’s ‘necessity test.’ The article suggests that they may not pass this test. Yet, from an EU law perspective, the right to the protection of personal data is a fundamental right. An international transfer of personal data constitutes a derogation from this right and, therefore, must be consistent with another necessity test, the ‘strict necessity’ test of the derogation clause of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. This article shows how a simultaneous application of the trade law and EU Charter ‘necessities’ to EU restrictions on transfers of personal data creates a Catch-22 situation and sketches the ways out of this compliance deadlock.},
	keywords = {EU, frontpage, handel, Persoonsgegevens, Privacy},
}

Kaleidoscopic data-related enforcement in the digital age external link

Yakovleva, S., Geursen, W. & Arnbak, A.

Common Market Law Review, vol. 57, num: 5, pp: 1461-1494, 2020

Abstract

The interplay between competition, consumer and data protection law, when applied to data collection and processing practices, may lead to situations where several competent authorities can, independently, carry out enforcement actions against the same practice, or where an authority competent to carry out enforcement in one area of law can borrow the concepts of another area to advance its own goals. The authors call this “kaleidoscopic enforcement”. Kaleidoscopic enforcement may undermine existing coordination mechanisms within specif ic areas, and may lead to both the incoherent enforcement of EU rules applicable to data, and to sub-optimal enforcement. An EU level binding inter-disciplinary coordination mechanism between competition, consumer and data protection authorities is needed. Now the Commission has announced ambitious plans to enhance the coherent application of EU law in several areas, it is the perfect time to work towards creating such an enforcement mechanism.

Bibtex

Article{Yakovleva2020c,
	title = {Kaleidoscopic data-related enforcement in the digital age},
	author = {Yakovleva, S. and Geursen, W. and Arnbak, A.},
	url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/CMLR_2020.pdf},
	year = {1001},
	date = {2020-10-01},
	journal = {Common Market Law Review},
	volume = {57},
	number = {5},
	pages = {1461-1494},
	abstract = {The interplay between competition, consumer and data protection law, when applied to data collection and processing practices, may lead to situations where several competent authorities can, independently, carry out enforcement actions against the same practice, or where an authority competent to carry out enforcement in one area of law can borrow the concepts of another area to advance its own goals. The authors call this “kaleidoscopic enforcement”. Kaleidoscopic enforcement may undermine existing coordination mechanisms within specif ic areas, and may lead to both the incoherent enforcement of EU rules applicable to data, and to sub-optimal enforcement. An EU level binding
inter-disciplinary coordination mechanism between competition, consumer and data protection authorities is needed. Now the Commission has announced ambitious plans to enhance the coherent application of EU law in several areas, it is the perfect time to work towards creating such an enforcement mechanism.},
	keywords = {Competition law, Consumer law, Data protection law, enforcement, frontpage, Privacy},
}

Macro and Exogenous Factors in Computational Advertising: Key Issues and New Research Directions external link

Helberger, N., Huh, J., Milne, G. & Strycharz, J.

Journal of Advertising, vol. 49, num: 4, pp: 377-393, 2020

Abstract

To advance the emerging research field of computational advertising this article describes the new computational advertising ecosystem, identifies key actors within it and interactions among them, and discusses future research agendas. Specifically, we propose systematic conceptualization for the redefined advertising industry, consumers, government, and technology environmental factors, and discuss emerging and anticipated tensions that arise in the macro and exogenous factors surrounding the new computational advertising industry, leading to suggestions for future research directions. From multidisciplinary angles, areas of tension and related research questions are explored from advertising, business, computer science, and legal perspectives. The proposed research agendas include exploring transparency of computational advertising practice and consumer education; understanding the trade-off between explainability and performance of algorithms; exploring the issue of new consumers as free data laborers, data as commodity, and related consumer agency challenges; understanding the relationship between algorithmic transparency and consumers’ literacy; evaluating the trade-off between algorithmic fairness and privacy protection; examining legal and regulatory issues regarding power imbalance between actors in the computational advertising ecosystem; and studying the trade-off between technological innovation and consumer protection and empowerment.

Bibtex

Article{Helberger2020h,
	title = {Macro and Exogenous Factors in Computational Advertising: Key Issues and New Research Directions},
	author = {Helberger, N. and Huh, J. and Milne, G. and Strycharz, J.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2020.1811179},
	year = {0911},
	date = {2020-09-11},
	journal = {Journal of Advertising},
	volume = {49},
	number = {4},
	pages = {377-393},
	abstract = {To advance the emerging research field of computational advertising this article describes the new computational advertising ecosystem, identifies key actors within it and interactions among them, and discusses future research agendas. Specifically, we propose systematic conceptualization for the redefined advertising industry, consumers, government, and technology environmental factors, and discuss emerging and anticipated tensions that arise in the macro and exogenous factors surrounding the new computational advertising industry, leading to suggestions for future research directions. From multidisciplinary angles, areas of tension and related research questions are explored from advertising, business, computer science, and legal perspectives. The proposed research agendas include exploring transparency of computational advertising practice and consumer education; understanding the trade-off between explainability and performance of algorithms; exploring the issue of new consumers as free data laborers, data as commodity, and related consumer agency challenges; understanding the relationship between algorithmic transparency and consumers’ literacy; evaluating the trade-off between algorithmic fairness and privacy protection; examining legal and regulatory issues regarding power imbalance between actors in the computational advertising ecosystem; and studying the trade-off between technological innovation and consumer protection and empowerment.},
	keywords = {algoritmen, consumentenbescherming, Consumentenrecht, frontpage, Privacy, reclamerecht},
}

Opinie: De wettelijke mogelijkheden voor online proctoring door universiteiten zijn zeer beperkt external link

Eskens, S.

Tijdschrift voor Internetrecht, num: 4, pp: 141-143, 2020

Bibtex

Article{Eskens2020b,
	title = {Opinie: De wettelijke mogelijkheden voor online proctoring door universiteiten zijn zeer beperkt},
	author = {Eskens, S.},
	url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/TvI_2020_4.pdf},
	year = {0827},
	date = {2020-08-27},
	journal = {Tijdschrift voor Internetrecht},
	number = {4},
	keywords = {frontpage, Privacy, proctoring, universiteiten},
}

Annotatie HvJ EU 2 oktober 2018 (Ministerio Fiscal) external link

Dommering, E.

Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, num: 28, pp: 3753-3754, 2020

Bibtex

Article{Dommering2020h,
	title = {Annotatie HvJ EU 2 oktober 2018 (Ministerio Fiscal)},
	author = {Dommering, E.},
	url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_232.pdf},
	year = {0721},
	date = {2020-07-21},
	journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie},
	number = {28},
	abstract = {Toegang tot door elektronische communicatiedienstaanbieder verwerkte persoonsgegevens alleen gerechtvaardigd als het om ernstig delict gaat. Identificatiegegevens op SIMkaart van gestolen mobiele telefoon ook bij lichtere vormen van criminaliteit toegestaan toegestaan omdat deze op zich zelf geen inzicht geven in de privé communicatie.},
	keywords = {Annotaties, elektronische communicatie, frontpage, persoonsgevens, Privacy},
}

Harnessing the collective potential of GDPR access rights: towards an ecology of transparency external link

Mahieu, R. & Ausloos, J.

Internet Policy Review, 2020

Abstract

The GDPR’s goal of empowering citizens can only be fully realised when the collective dimensions of data subject rights are acknowledged and supported through proper enforcement. The power of the collective use of data subjects’ rights, however, is currently neither acknowledged nor properly enforced. This is the message we sent to the European Commission in response to its call for feedback for its two-year review of the GDPR. In our submission entitled Recognising and Enabling the Collective Dimension of the GDPR and the Right of Access – A call to support the governance structure of checks and balances for informational power asymmetries, we demonstrate the collective potential of GDPR access rights with a long list of real-life examples.

Bibtex

Article{Mahieu2020,
	title = {Harnessing the collective potential of GDPR access rights: towards an ecology of transparency},
	author = {Mahieu, R. and Ausloos, J.},
	url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/news/harnessing-collective-potential-gdpr-access-rights-towards-ecology-transparency/1487},
	year = {0717},
	date = {2020-07-17},
	journal = {Internet Policy Review},
	abstract = {The GDPR’s goal of empowering citizens can only be fully realised when the collective dimensions of data subject rights are acknowledged and supported through proper enforcement. The power of the collective use of data subjects’ rights, however, is currently neither acknowledged nor properly enforced. This is the message we sent to the European Commission in response to its call for feedback for its two-year review of the GDPR. In our submission entitled Recognising and Enabling the Collective Dimension of the GDPR and the Right of Access – A call to support the governance structure of checks and balances for informational power asymmetries, we demonstrate the collective potential of GDPR access rights with a long list of real-life examples.},
	keywords = {frontpage, GDPR, Privacy, transparantie},
}

User Perspectives on the News Personalisation Process: Agency, Trust and Utility as Building Blocks external link

Monzer, C., Möller, J., Helberger, N. & Eskens, S.

Digital Journalism, vol. 8, num: 9, pp: 1142-1162, 2020

Abstract

With the increasing use of algorithms in news distribution, commentators warn about its possible impacts on the changing relationship between the news media and news readers. To understand the meaning of news personalisation strategies to users, we investigated how they currently experience news personalisation, perceive their role in the personalisation process, and envision increasing the utility of personalised news by giving users more agency and fostering trust. We conducted four focus groups with online news readers in Germany. For the analysis, grounded theory techniques were suitable due to their applicability in reconstructing user perspectives through their own experiences. We found that (1) users fail to distinguish between news personalisation and commercial targeting, which may negatively bias their perception; (2) there is a contradiction in how users perceive themselves as active participants in the process, but lack the means to exercise agency; (3) user concerns extend beyond privacy to what information they receive and their right to personal autonomy—a solution requires offering users the ability to dynamically adjust their “news interest profiles”; (4) while news personalisation strategies afford new opportunities for introducing reciprocity in the media-audience relationship, negotiating competing logics of journalistic, personal and algorithmic curation remains a challenge.

Bibtex

Article{Monzer2020,
	title = {User Perspectives on the News Personalisation Process: Agency, Trust and Utility as Building Blocks},
	author = {Monzer, C. and Möller, J. and Helberger, N. and Eskens, S.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2020.1773291},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1773291},
	year = {0616},
	date = {2020-06-16},
	journal = {Digital Journalism},
	volume = {8},
	number = {9},
	pages = {1142-1162},
	abstract = {With the increasing use of algorithms in news distribution, commentators warn about its possible impacts on the changing relationship between the news media and news readers. To understand the meaning of news personalisation strategies to users, we investigated how they currently experience news personalisation, perceive their role in the personalisation process, and envision increasing the utility of personalised news by giving users more agency and fostering trust. We conducted four focus groups with online news readers in Germany. For the analysis, grounded theory techniques were suitable due to their applicability in reconstructing user perspectives through their own experiences. We found that (1) users fail to distinguish between news personalisation and commercial targeting, which may negatively bias their perception; (2) there is a contradiction in how users perceive themselves as active participants in the process, but lack the means to exercise agency; (3) user concerns extend beyond privacy to what information they receive and their right to personal autonomy—a solution requires offering users the ability to dynamically adjust their “news interest profiles”; (4) while news personalisation strategies afford new opportunities for introducing reciprocity in the media-audience relationship, negotiating competing logics of journalistic, personal and algorithmic curation remains a challenge.},
	keywords = {agency, focus groups, frontpage, grounded theory, news personalisation, personal curation, Privacy, trust, utility},
}

Drie mogelijke boetes van mededingings-, consumenten- en persoonsgegevensautoriteiten voor hetzelfde datagebruik external link

Yakovleva, S., Geursen, W,W, & Arnbak, A.

Tijdschrift Mededingingsrecht in de Praktijk, num: 2, pp: 30-37, 2020

Abstract

Door de toename van datagebruik door ondernemingen is er sprake van convergentie tussen het mededingings-, consumenten- en gegevensbeschermingsrecht. Er kan dan parallelle handhaving plaatsvinden ten aanzien van één en dezelfde handeling door dezelfde onderneming door drie verschillende autoriteiten. Dat noemen wij caleidoscopische handhaving. Dat heeft volgens ons verschillende keerzijden, waaronder het risico op overhandhaving door drie afzonderlijke procedures van drie afzonderlijke autoriteiten en mogelijk drie boetes. Wij onderzoeken in dit artikel waarom het ne-bis-in-idem-beginsel niet van toepassing is en het beginsel van eendaadse samenloop evenmin (net als in de recente Marine Harvest gun-jumping zaak), waardoor proportionaliteit overblijft.

Bibtex

Article{Yakovleva2020b,
	title = {Drie mogelijke boetes van mededingings-, consumenten- en persoonsgegevensautoriteiten voor hetzelfde datagebruik},
	author = {Yakovleva, S. and Geursen, W,W, and Arnbak, A.},
	url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/MP_2020_164.pdf},
	year = {0609},
	date = {2020-06-09},
	journal = {Tijdschrift Mededingingsrecht in de Praktijk},
	number = {2},
	abstract = {Door de toename van datagebruik door ondernemingen is er sprake van convergentie tussen het mededingings-, consumenten- en gegevensbeschermingsrecht. Er kan dan parallelle handhaving plaatsvinden ten aanzien van één en dezelfde handeling door dezelfde onderneming door drie verschillende autoriteiten. Dat noemen wij caleidoscopische handhaving. Dat heeft volgens ons verschillende keerzijden, waaronder het risico op overhandhaving door drie afzonderlijke procedures van drie afzonderlijke autoriteiten en mogelijk drie boetes. Wij onderzoeken in dit artikel waarom het ne-bis-in-idem-beginsel niet van toepassing is en het beginsel van eendaadse samenloop evenmin (net als in de recente Marine Harvest gun-jumping zaak), waardoor proportionaliteit overblijft.},
	keywords = {Consumentenrecht, frontpage, gegevensbescherming, Mededingingsrecht, Privacy},
}

Pitching trade against privacy: reconciling EU governance of personal data flows with external trade external link

Irion, K. & Yakovleva, S.

International Data Privacy Law, vol. 10, num: 3, pp: 201-221, 2020

Abstract

This article positions EU’s external governance of personal data flows against the backdrop of the international controversy on digital trade versus strict privacy laws. Now that the EU has defined its position on horizontal provisions on cross-border data flows and personal data protection, it is both timely and essential to reassess its strategy on the international transfers of personal data in the purview of its future trade agreements. For its own normative approach and regulatory autonomy, the EU has a pivotal role to play in shaping the interface between trade and privacy before the ‘free trade leviathan’ can restrict the policy choices not only of individual states but also of the EU itself. Our contribution aims to break through the present compartmentalization of privacy scholarship and trade lawyers because it situates personal data flows in both disciplines.

Bibtex

Article{Irion2020bb,
	title = {Pitching trade against privacy: reconciling EU governance of personal data flows with external trade},
	author = {Irion, K. and Yakovleva, S.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipaa003},
	year = {0401},
	date = {2020-04-01},
	journal = {International Data Privacy Law},
	volume = {10},
	number = {3},
	pages = {201-221},
	abstract = {This article positions EU’s external governance of personal data flows against the backdrop of the international controversy on digital trade versus strict privacy laws. Now that the EU has defined its position on horizontal provisions on cross-border data flows and personal data protection, it is both timely and essential to reassess its strategy on the international transfers of personal data in the purview of its future trade agreements. For its own normative approach and regulatory autonomy, the EU has a pivotal role to play in shaping the interface between trade and privacy before the ‘free trade leviathan’ can restrict the policy choices not only of individual states but also of the EU itself. Our contribution aims to break through the present compartmentalization of privacy scholarship and trade lawyers because it situates personal data flows in both disciplines.},
	keywords = {Cross-border data flow, Digital trade, EU law, frontpage, GDPR, international trade law, Personal data, Privacy},
}

Keyword: Privacy

Privacy and Data Protection in the EU- and US-led Post- WTO Free Trade Agreements external link

Abstract

Links

Bibtex

Personal Data Transfers in International Trade and EU Law: A Tale of Two ‘Necessities’ external link

Abstract

Links

Bibtex

Kaleidoscopic data-related enforcement in the digital age external link

Abstract

Links

Bibtex

Macro and Exogenous Factors in Computational Advertising: Key Issues and New Research Directions external link

Abstract

Links

Bibtex

Opinie: De wettelijke mogelijkheden voor online proctoring door universiteiten zijn zeer beperkt external link

Links

Bibtex

Annotatie HvJ EU 2 oktober 2018 (Ministerio Fiscal) external link

Abstract

Links

Bibtex

User Perspectives on the News Personalisation Process: Agency, Trust and Utility as Building Blocks external link

Abstract

Links

Bibtex

Drie mogelijke boetes van mededingings-, consumenten- en persoonsgegevensautoriteiten voor hetzelfde datagebruik external link

Abstract

Links

Bibtex